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Different parts of your brain compete for attention through signal strength. The stronger the stimulus – visual, gustatory, or mental-the more likely it is to capture your attention. At the same time, you also have that part that controls attention consciously – and it also fights not to lose control, and this is also tied to the “signal strength”. Why do different stimulants make you more alert? Because they increase dopaminergic transmission, which is what the area that controls the focus of attention works on.
There are two mechanisms for switching attention – external and internal. In the first case, attention switches to a noticeable external stimulus (loud bang, bright flash, sharp smell, touch, etc.), this is a reflex mechanism that allows humans and animals to notice important changes in a timely manner and respond to them if necessary.
The second mechanism of switching attention is internal. In this case, switching occurs arbitrarily (the person decides where to turn their attention), taking into account what the person is aware of as important and necessary. At the same time, the human brain is complex enough to be able to switch without an external command, taking into account the available information and existing attitudes and ideas.