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The most famous criticism is written by a contemporary:
Book IV of Cicero's treatise On the Limits of Good and Evil:
http://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/t.htm?a=1414890004
Of particular interest is that in Cicero's Paradoxes of the Stoics, Stoicism explains and defends, and here it criticizes.
Cicero was an academic skeptic. Academic skepticism argued that we can't know anything for sure, all knowledge will one day be revised, but any statement has a degree of probability.
Academic skeptics almost did not put forward their own positions, but they tried to find arguments for both sides in any dispute and, if possible, refute them. In other words, academic skepticism allowed the freedom to be guided by what was convincingly reasoned.
Cicero believed that radical skepticism in everyday life does not lead to anything good, because doubting everything in general, people stop observing the laws. Therefore, you can rely, for example, on stoicism.
But some of the Stoic statements are too brief and paradoxical. To understand why they contradict conventional wisdom, you need to expand and explain them. So Cicero writes for Brutus (the one) The Paradoxes of the Stoics, explaining the views of Brutus ' uncle, Cato. �
And the fourth book, On the Limits of Good and Evil , is already a dispute with the same Cato, where Cicero speaks for himself.
Maybe I'll break the Yandex rules.I'll be grateful if I attach links to this answer, but I won't be able to answer your question without them. I am seriously engaged in the study of stoicism and recently wrote 3 articles where I critically evaluate modern stoicism. The fact is that the stoicism that we see in Aurelius or Seneca does not apply to our lives, if we reject their religious beliefs. Therefore, modern Stoics tend to take the teachings of the ancient Stoics out of context, thereby distorting the meaning.
I have considered your question in the following articles: